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-
- Network Working Group B. Manning (Rice University)
- INTERNET DRAFT R. Colella (NIST)
- 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- DNS NSAP RRs
-
-
-
- Status of This Memo
-
-
- This memo refines the approch taken in RFC 1348, updating the processing
- methods for encoding of NSAP addresses for the Internet community. Discussion
- and suggestions for improvement are requested.
-
- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working documents of
- the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its Working
- Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as
- Internet Drafts).
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months.
- Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at
- any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference material
- or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or "work in progress."
-
- Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet Draft
- directory to learn the current status of this or any other Internet Draft.
-
- It is intended that this document will be submitted to the IESG for
- consideration as a standards document. Distribution of this document is
- unlimited.
-
-
- Abstract
-
-
-
- The Internet is moving towards the deployment of an OSI lower layers
- infrastructure. This infrastructure comprises the connectionless network
- protocol (CLNP) and supporting routing protocols. Also required as part of
- this infrastructure is support in the DNS for mapping between names and NSAP
- addresses.
-
-
- This document redefines the format of two new Resource Records for the Domain
- Name System, as defined in RFC 1348. This format may be used with any OSI NSAP
- address format.
-
- Expiration: 05 Oct, 1993 [Page 1]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- Contents
-
- 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 3 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 4 Structure of NSAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 5 NSAP RR specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 5.1 The NSAP RR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 5.2 The NSAP-PTR RR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 6 DNS Operation for NSAPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 7 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 8 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 10 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- A Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 2]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- 1 Introduction
-
-
-
- The Internet is moving towards the deployment of an OSI lower layers
- infrastructure. This infrastructure comprises the connectionless network
- protocol (CLNP) [ISO8473] and supporting routing protocols. Also required as
- part of this infrastructure is support in the Domain Name System (DNS)
- [RFC1034, RFC1035] for mapping between DNS names and OSI Network Service
- Access Point (NSAP) addresses [ISO8348Ad2] [Note: NSAP and NSAP address are
- used interchangeably throughout this memo].
-
-
- This memo redefines the format of two new Resource Records (RRs) for the DNS,
- as defined in RFC 1348. This format may be used with any OSI NSAP format.
-
-
- This memo assumes that the reader is familiar with the DNS. Some familiarity
- with NSAPs is useful; see [RFC1237] or [ISO8348Ad2] for additional
- information.
-
-
-
- 2 Background
-
-
-
- The reason for defining DNS mappings for NSAPs is to support CLNP in the
- Internet. Debugging with CLNP ping and traceroute is becoming more difficult
- with only numeric NSAPs as the scale of deployment increases. Current debugging
- is supported by maintaining and exchanging a configuration file with name/NSAP
- mappings similar in function to hosts.txt. This suffers from the lack of a
- central coordinator for this file and also from the perspective of scaling.
- The former is the most serious short-term problem. Scaling of a hosts.txt-like
- solution has well-known long-term scaling difficiencies.
-
-
- A second reason for this work is the proposal to use CLNP as a replacement
- for IP: "TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for
- Internet Addressing and Routing" [RFC1347]. Should this proposal be selected,
- the DNS must be capable of supporting CLNP addresses.
-
-
-
- 3 Scope
-
-
-
- The RRs defined in this paper support all known NSAP formats. In addition,
- the RRs support the notion of a custom-defined NSAP format. There are several
- ways in which an NSAP can be defined. To illustrate this feature, examples in
- this memo will assume that the Internet obtained an AFI from ISO and defined
- a fixed-field NSAP format.
-
-
- As a point of reference, there is a distinction between registration and
- publication of addresses. For IP addresses, the IANA is the root registration
- authority and the DNS a publication method. For NSAPs, ISO8348/Ad2 is the
- root registration authority and the DNS is being proposed as a publication
- method.
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 3]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- 4 Structure of NSAPs
-
-
-
- NSAPs are hierarchically structured to allow distributed administration and
- efficient routing. Distributed administration permits subdelegated addressing
- authorities to, as allowed by the delegator, further structure the portion of
- the NSAP space under their delegated control. Accomodation of this
- distributed authority requires flexibility in the DNS representation of
- NSAPs, allowing sub- authorities to represent the substructure they define, if
- any, in the DNS as well as the NSAP values themselves.
-
-
- While all NSAP structures currently known to be in use in the Internet have
- fixed field sizes (e.g., [RFC1237, IPTAG-92-23-PB660], some NSAP formats
- defined in ISO 8348Ad2 define one of the fields as variable-sized. These
- formats are still parsable, since the total NSAP length is known and there
- is, at most, one variable-sized field. These formats are accomodated in this
- document, even though there is no current requirement. The notation is fully
- described in Section 5.2, "The NSAP_PTR RR" and the processing in Section 6,
- "DNS Operation for NSAPs."
-
- For the purposes of this memo, NSAPs can be thought of as a tree of
- identifiers. The root of the tree is defined in Addendum 2 to ISO8348
- [ISO8348Ad2], and has as its immediately registered subordinates the
- one-octet Authority and Format Identifiers (AFIs) defined there. The size of
- subsequently-defined fields depends on which branch of the tree is taken. The
- depth of the tree varies according to the authority responsible for defining
- subsequent fields.
-
-
- An example is the authority under which US GOSIP defines NSAPs [GOSIPv2FT].
- Under the AFI of 47, NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
- obtained a value of 0005 (the AFI of 47 defines the next field as being two
- octets consisting of four BCD digits from the International Code Designator
- space [ISO6523]). NIST defined the subsequent fields in [GOSIPv2FT].The field
- immediately following 0005 is a format identifier for the rest of the US
- GOSIP NSAP structure, with a hex value of 80. Following this is the
- three-octet field, values for which are allocated to network operators; the
- registration authority for this field is delegated to GSA (General Services
- Administration).
-
-
- The last octet of the NSAP is the NSelector (NSel). In practice, the NSAP
- minus the NSel identifies the CLNP protocol machine on a given system, and
- the NSel identifies the CLNP user. Since there can be more than on CLNP user
- (meaning multiple NSel values for a given "base" NSAP), the representation of
- the NSAP should be CLNP-user independent. TO achive this, an NSel value of
- zero will be used with all NSAP values stored in the DNS. An NSAP with NSel=0
- identifies the network layer itself. It is left to the application retrieving
- the NSAP to determine the appropriate value to use in that instance of
- communication.
-
-
- In the event that CLNP is used to support TCP and UDP services, the NSel
- value used will be the appropriate IP PROTO value as registered with IANA.
- For "standard" OSI, the selection of NSel values is left as a matter of local
- administration. Administrators of systems that support support TP0-4 in
- addition to TCP/UDP will select NSels for use by TP0-4 that do NOT conflict
- with the IP PROTO vlaues.
-
-
- For the purposes of this memo, we will present NSAPs as a string of
- "."-separated hex values. This is common usage, not the "+" operator
- specified in RFC1278. The values correspond to the fields in the NSAP, as
- defined by the appropriate authority. For example, a printable representation
- of the first four fields of a US GOSIP NSAP might look like
-
-
-
- 47.0005.80.005a00
-
-
-
- and a full US GOSIP NSAP is
-
-
-
- 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.1000.0020.00800a123456.01.
-
-
-
- For more information on US GOSIP NSAPs, see RFC1237 [RFC1237]. Other NSAP
- formats have different fields and field widths; see the examples in Section 7
- and also [IPTAG-92-23-PB660].
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 4]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- 5 NSAP RRs Specification
-
-
-
- 5.1 The NSAP RR
-
-
-
- The NSAP RR is defined with mnemonic NSAP and type code 22 (decimal). The
- NSAP RR has the following format:
-
-
-
- < owner> < ttl> < class> NSAP < rdata>
-
-
-
- All fields are required.
-
-
- The < owner> is the DNS name for the system that is addressed by the NSAP in
- the < rdata> field (see below).
-
-
- The meaning of the < ttl> field is as specified in RFC1034.
-
-
- The format of the NSAP RR is class insensitive.
-
-
- The < rdata> is a complete NSAP address expressed in the dotted hexidecimal
- notation as described in Section 7.
-
-
- NSAP RR causes no additional section processing.
-
-
-
- 5.2 the NSAP-PTR RR
-
-
-
- The NSAP-PTR RR is defined with mnemonic NSAP-PTR and type code 23 (decimal).
- It's function is analogous to the PTR record used for IP addresses [RFC1035,
- RFC1103], although the details of how it operates are different. The NSAP-PTR
- RR has the following format:
-
-
-
- < owner> < ttl> < class> NSAP-PTR < rdata>
-
-
-
- All fields are required.
-
-
- The < owner> is a complete NSAP or an NSAP prefix. The octets of the NSAP are
- in reverse order, with the least significant octet on the left and the AFI octet
- on the right. The reversal is on an octet boundary. The dotted hexidecimal
- notation described in Section 7 is used to separate the NSAP fields.
-
-
- The meaning of the < ttl> field is as specified in RFC1034.
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 5]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- The format of the NSAP-PTR RR is class insensitive.
-
-
- The < rdata> field consists of two subfields separated by one or more spaces
- or tabs. The first subfield is a DNS name that corresponds to the owner of this
- NSAP prefix. In the case of an incomplete NSAP (i.e., an NSAP prefix), this
- subfield must name the root with a single ".".
-
-
- The second subfield of < rdata> contains structure information for subsequent
- fields of the NSAP, to the extent that they are known at this level of the NSAP
- tree. Strictly speaking, only the size of the next field is required to
- navigate the DNS NSAP tree. However, for efficiency the NSAP structure
- information should be included as far up towards the root as possible.
-
-
- The format of this subfield is a set of "."-separated decimal digits
- representing the sizes of fields subsequent to the NSAP prefix given in the
- < owner> field. [Should we have a BNF for this?] A trailing "." indicates
- that the structure information is complete. For leaf entries (i.e., when the
- < owner> contains a complete NSAP), this subfield must contain a single ".".
-
-
- The NSAP-PTR RR causes no additional section processing.
-
-
-
- 6 DNS Operation for NSAPs
-
-
-
- Name-to-NSAP mapping in the DNS using the NSAP RR operates analogously to IP
- address lookup. A query
- is generated by the resolver requesting an NSAP RR for a provided DNS name.
-
-
- NSAP-to-name mapping using the NSAP-PTR RR differs from the inverse lookup
- for IP addresses due to the structure of NSAPs and the requirements this places
- on the lookup process.
-
-
- The NSAP-to-name scheme operates with minimal a priori knowledge of how NSAPs
- are structured and operates according to a simple algorithm. Given an NSAP to
- be resolved, the only a priori information needed is that the first field of
- all NSAPs is one octet. The basic algorithm operates as follows:
-
-
-
- 1.build an initial query to read the record associated with the first octet.
-
-
- 2.knowledge of the NSAP structure is not complete, so set (COMPL-KNOW = FALSE).
-
-
- 3.send the query.
-
-
- 4.when the response is returned, if (COMPL-KNOW == TRUE), done.
-
-
- 5.construct a more detailed query with the additional structure information from
- the response.
-
-
- 6.if the structure information returned in step 4 ends with a ".", then set
- (COMPL-KNOW = TRUE).
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 6]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- 7.go to step 3.
-
-
-
- The a priori knowledge required is that all NSAPs begin with an initial
- one-octet field, the AFI (Authority and Format Identifier, see [ISO8348Ad2]);
- this is captured in step 1.
-
-
- Steps 3 through 7 represent a simple learning algorithm in which the resolver
- issues queries that are increasingly detailed until the result is obtained.
-
-
- Successful termination, step 4, occures if the last query sent was based on
- complete NSAP structure information, as determined by the trailing ".".
-
-
-
- 7 Examples
-
-
-
- Three examples are presented. The first uses US GOSIP NSAPs, the second a
- fictitious NSAP structure based on the idea of an Internet-assigned AFI, and the
- third demonstrates the scheme in the presence of a variable-length NSAP
- field.
-
-
-
- ;;;;;;
- ;;;;;; GOSIP-style NSAP.
- ;;;;;;
-
-
- <owner> <class> <type> <rdata>
- . IN NSAP 47
- . IN NSAP 47.0005
- . IN NSAP 47.0005.80
- nist.gov IN NSAP 47.0005.80.005a00
- emu.ncsl.nist.gov IN NSAP (
- 47.0005.80.005a00.0000.1000.0020.00800a123456.01)
-
-
-
- 47 IN NSAP-PTR . 2
- 0500.47 IN NSAP-PTR . 1
- 80.0500.47 IN NSAP-PTR . 3.2.2.2.6.1.
- 005a00.80.0500.47 IN NSAP-PTR nist.gov 2.2.2.6.1.
- 01.5634120a8000.2000.0010.0000.005a00.80.0500.47
- IN NSAP-PTR emu.ncsl.nist.gov .)
-
-
-
- ;;;;;;
- ;;;;;; Internet AFI-based NSAP.
- ;;;;;;
- ;
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 7]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- ; Assume XX is the Internet AFI, and XX-based NSAPs have
- ; a fixed 19-byte format:
- ; 1.1.3.3.4.6.1.
- ; where the numbers indicate field sizes in octets.
- ;
-
-
- <owner> <class> <type> <rdata>
- . IN NSAP XX
- . IN NSAP XX.12
- bb IN NSAP XX.12.123456
- reg.bb IN NSAP XX.12.123456.151617
- host.reg.bb IN NSAP (
- XX.12.123456.151617.37383930.414243454647.89)
-
-
-
- XX IN NSAP-PTR . 1.3.3.4.6.1.
- 12.XX IN NSAP-PTR . 3.3.4.6.1.
- 563412.12.XX IN NSAP-PTR bb 3.4.6.1.
- 171615.563412.12.XX IN NSAP-PTR reg.bb 4.6.1.
- 89.474645434241.30393837.171615.563412.12.XX (
- IN NSAP-PTR host.reg.bb .)
-
-
-
- ;;;;;;
- ;;;;;; NSAP with variable-size field.
- ;;;;;;
- ;
- ; An example of an NSAP format with a variable field size.
- ; The example is of an X.121 NSAP.
- ;
-
-
-
- <owner> <class> <type> <rdata>
- . IN NSAP 37
- one-org.com IN NSAP 37.31342023011007.01
- two-org.com IN NSAP 37.575654012456.03
-
-
- 37 IN NSAP-PTR com *.1.
- 01.07100123203431.37 IN NSAP-PTR one-org.com .
- 03.562401545657.37 IN NSAP-PTR two-org.com .
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 8]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- 8 Security
-
-
-
- Security issues are not addressed in this memo.
-
-
- 9 References
-
- [1] ISO/IEC, "Protocol for Providing the Connectionless-mode Network
- Service"
- USC/Information Sciences Institute, September 1981.
-
- [2] Reynolds, J., J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", RFC 1340,
- USC/Information Sciences Institute, July, 1992.
-
- [3] Manning, B., "DNS NSAP RRS", RFC 1348, Rice University,
- July, 1992
-
-
- 10 Authors' Addresses
-
-
-
- Bill Manning
- Rice University - ONCS
- P.O. Box 1892
- 6100 South Main
- Houston, Texas 77251-1892
- USA
-
-
- Phone: +1.713.285.5415
- EMail: bmanning@rice.edu
-
-
-
- Richard Colella
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Technology/B217
- Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- USA
-
-
- Phone: +1 301-975-3627 (voice); +1 301 590-0932 (fax)
- EMail: colella@nist.gov (Internet)
- /C=us/A=attmail/P=gov+nist-gw/S=colella/ (X.400)
-
-
-
- A Issues
-
-
-
- A.1 User Interfaces
-
-
-
- Typical user interfaces, for example nslookup, expect the inverse map string
- to be typed from least significant byte to most significant byte followed by
- IN-ADDR.ARPA. This isn't too bad for four-byte IP addresses, but can be
- excruciating for 20-byte NSAPs. It would be much easier if this reversal
- could be done by the software instead of the user. This is especially true
- since one convenient way to handle NSAPs is by picking and stuffing values.
- So, if we have an NSAP,
-
-
-
- 47000580005a0000001000002000800a12345601
-
-
-
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 9]
-
- INTERNET-DRAFT DNS NSAP RRs 05 Apr, 1993
-
-
-
- One would like to pick it, stuff it on a command line (e.g., to nslookup),
- and append NSAP-PTR.ARPA.:
-
-
-
- % nslookup 47000580005a0000001000002000800a12345601.NSAP-PTR.ARPA.
-
-
-
- The resolver code could recognize the NSAP-PTR.ARPA domain and perform the
- appropriate reversal before issuing the query.
-
-
- A.4 Relationship to X.500
-
-
- It may be useful to associate an X.500 distinguished name with an NSAP. Some
- thought should be given to whether this is useful and how it could be done.
-
- A.5 NSAP prefixes
-
- Should NSAP prefixes be encoded in the DNS? This may have some useful features.
-
- Expiration: 05 Oct., 1993 [Page 10]
- B. Manning (Rice University) [Page 10]
-
- --
- Regards,
- Bill Manning bmanning@rice.edu PO Box 1892
- 713-285-5415 713-527-6099 Houston, Texas
- R.U. (o-kome) 77251-1892
-